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Historical Sources

Bibliographies for all 52 decisions, organized by suit

These are the principal published sources used in researching each historical decision, from ancient chronicles and inscriptions to modern scholarship and museum and government histories. Open any card to see its sources.

If you would like to make a decision before learning how it turned out, play the card first: some titles refer to the outcome. The full story of each decision is in the Reveal Guide included with the game.

♣ Clubs Ancient

2♣ Marathon (3 sources)
  • Herodotus. Histories, Book 6, §§105–117. Trans. A. D. Godley. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1920.
  • Hammond, N. G. L. “The Campaign and the Battle of Marathon.” The Journal of Hellenic Studies 88 (1968): 13–57. DOI: 10.2307/628670.
  • Shefton, B. B. “The Dedication of Callimachus (IG I² 609).” The Annual of the British School at Athens 45 (1950): 140–164. DOI: 10.1017/S0068245400006742.
3♣ Gaugamela (7 sources)
  • Arrian. Anabasis of Alexander, Book 3, §§7–16.
  • Plutarch. Life of Alexander, §§31–34. In Bernadotte Perrin, trans., Plutarch’s Lives, Vol. VII. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, 1919.
  • Quintus Curtius Rufus. History of Alexander, Book 4, §§9–16.
  • Diodorus Siculus. Library of History, Book 17, §§53, 55–61.
  • Badian, Ernst. “Gaugamela.” Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. X, Fasc. 3 (2000): 332–333.
  • Bosworth, A. B. Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, pp. 76–85.
  • Devine, A. M. “Grand Tactics at Gaugamela.” Phoenix 29, no. 4 (1975): 374–385. DOI 10.2307/1087282.
4♣ Thermopylae (3 sources)
  • Herodotus. Histories, Book 7, §§201–233. Trans. A. D. Godley. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1922, Loeb Classical Library 119.
  • Cartledge, Paul. Thermopylae: The Battle That Changed the World. London: Macmillan, 2006.
  • Kraft, John C., George Rapp, George J. Szemler, Christos Tziavos, and Edward W. Kase. “The Pass at Thermopylae, Greece.” Journal of Field Archaeology 14, no. 2 (1987): 181–198. DOI: 10.1179/009346987792208448.
5♣ Salamis (4 sources)
  • Herodotus. Histories, Book 8, especially §§40–64, 74–97. Trans. A. D. Godley. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1925.
  • Aeschylus. Persians, especially lines 249–471.
  • Tuplin, Christopher J. “Salamis.” Encyclopaedia Iranica. Published November 15, 2006; last updated October 26, 2012.
  • Rollinger, Robert. “Herodotus vii. Xerxes According to Herodotus.” Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 3, pp. 270–276.
6♣ Carrhae (5 sources)
  • Plutarch. “Crassus,” §§20–31. In Plutarch’s Lives. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1916.
  • Cassius Dio. Roman History, Book 40, §§12–30. Translated by Earnest Cary. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1914–1927.
  • Shahbazi, A. Shapur. “Carrhae.” Encyclopaedia Iranica V/1 (1990): 9–13. Last updated May 29, 2013.
  • Bivar, A. D. H. “The Political History of Iran under the Arsacids.” In The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 3, Part 1, edited by Ehsan Yarshater. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983, 21–99.
  • Debevoise, Neilson C. A Political History of Parthia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1938.
7♣ Megiddo (6 sources)
  • Annals of Thutmose III, Karnak Temple, account of the First Campaign, Year 23.
  • Breasted, James Henry, trans. Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest, Vol. II: The Eighteenth Dynasty. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1906. §§415–443.
  • Spalinger, Anthony J. War in Ancient Egypt: The New Kingdom. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2005. Especially discussion of Thutmose III's First Campaign and Megiddo.
  • Redford, Donald B. The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 16. Leiden: Brill, 2003.
  • Shaw, Ian. Egyptian Warfare and Weapons. Princes Risborough: Shire Publications, 1991.
  • National Gallery of Art. The Quest for Immortality: Treasures of Ancient Egypt.
8♣ Tucapel (7 sources)
  • Vivar, Jerónimo de. Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile. Completed 1558.
  • Góngora Marmolejo, Alonso de. Historia de todas las cosas que han acaecido en el reino de Chile y de los que lo han gobernado. Sixteenth-century chronicle.
  • Mariño de Lobera, Pedro. Crónica del Reino de Chile. Sixteenth-century narrative, surviving in the later revision by Bartolomé de Escobar.
  • Biblioteca Nacional de Chile, Memoria Chilena. “Batalla de Tucapel.”
  • Biblioteca Nacional de Chile, Memoria Chilena. “El toqui Lautaro (ca. 1534–1557).”
  • Biblioteca Nacional de Chile, Memoria Chilena. “Tucapel.”
  • Arriagada A., Eduardo. “Batalla de Tucapel y muerte de Pedro de Valdivia.” Academia de Historia Militar de Chile.
9♣ Alesia (2 sources)
  • Caesar, Julius. Commentarii de Bello Gallico (The Gallic War), Book VII, §§68–90, especially §§68–75 and 79–90.
  • Caesar, Julius. The Gallic War. Translated by H. J. Edwards. Loeb Classical Library 72. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1917.
10♣ Teutoburg (7 sources)
  • Velleius Paterculus. Roman History, Book II, §§117–120, especially 2.118.
  • Cassius Dio. Roman History, Book LVI, §§18–24.
  • Tacitus. Annals, especially 1.55–71.
  • Hoyos, Dexter. “Teutoburg Forest, Battle of (9 CE).” The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. DOI: 10.1002/9781444338232.wbeow624.
  • Rüger, C. “Roman Germany.” In The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XI, 2nd ed., edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, and Dominic Rathbone. Cambridge University Press.
  • Graafstal, Erik. “Rome’s First Frontier: The Failure of Germania Magna and the Development of the Lower Rhine limes.” HiMA: revue internationale d’Histoire Militaire Ancienne (2026): 43–54. DOI 10.58335/hima.2345.
  • Hermannsdenkmal official historical site. “Die Entstehungsgeschichte des Hermannsdenkmals.”
J♣ Red Cliffs (8 sources)
  • Chen Shou. Sanguozhi (Records of the Three Kingdoms), Book 54, “Biography of Zhou Yu,” and relevant biographical material concerning Huang Gai.
  • Pei Songzhi. Commentary to Chen Shou's Sanguozhi, Book 54.
  • de Crespigny, Rafe. “The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD, I.” East Asian History 1 (June 1991): 1–36.
  • de Crespigny, Rafe. “The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD, II.” East Asian History 2 (December 1991): 143–165.
  • de Crespigny, Rafe. “The Three Kingdoms.” In The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 2: The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge University Press, 2019. DOI 10.1017/9781139107334.
  • The Metropolitan Museum of Art. “Square-form vase with decoration of Su Shi's first and second ‘Rhapsody on Red Cliff.’”
  • National Palace Museum. “Former Ode on the Red Cliff.”
  • The Metropolitan Museum of Art. “Odes to the Red Cliff.”
Q♣ Adrianople (6 sources)
  • Ammianus Marcellinus. Res Gestae, Book XXXI, especially 31.12–15.
  • Kulikowski, Michael. “Coded Polemic in Ammianus Book 31 and the Date and Place of its Composition.” Journal of Roman Studies 102 (2012): 79–102. DOI: 10.1017/S0075435812000032.
  • Lenski, Noel. Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. Chapter 7, pp. 320–367.
  • Kulikowski, Michael. Rome's Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Chapter 6, pp. 123–143. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139167277.007.
  • Lee, A. D. “Adrianople, Battle of.” The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. DOI: 10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah19003.
  • Lee, Doug. “The Goths and the Romans, 376–378.” The Encyclopedia of Ancient Battles. Wiley, 2017. DOI: 10.1002/9781119099000.wbabat0780.
K♣ Avarayr (10 sources)
  • Łazar Pʿarpecʿi. History of the Armenians, Books II–III.
  • Thomson, Robert W., trans. The History of Łazar Pʿarpecʿi. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1991.
  • Ełišē. History of Vardan and the Armenian War. Translated by Robert W. Thomson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.
  • Garsoïan, Nina G. “Avarayr.” Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  • “Łazar Pʿarpecʿi.” Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  • “Ełišē.” Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  • Garsoïan, Nina G. “Mamikonean Family.” Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  • Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin. “Feast of St. Vardanants Commanders and the 1,036 Martyrs.”
  • Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin. “Feast of St. Vartan the Captain and Companions.”
  • Western Prelacy of the Armenian Apostolic Church. “Feasts and Calendar.”
A♣ Noba (11 sources)
  • Ezana of Aksum. RIÉ 189 (DAE 11). Gəʿəz inscription concerning the campaign against the Noba.
  • Ezana of Aksum. RIÉ 190. Gəʿəz/pseudo-Sabaic inscription associated with the Noba campaign.
  • Ezana of Aksum. RIÉ 271. Greek inscription concerning Ezana’s campaign against the Noba, with explicitly Christian invocation.
  • Bernand, Étienne, A. J. Drewes, and Roger Schneider. Recueil des inscriptions de l’Éthiopie des périodes pré-axoumite et axoumite. Paris: Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 1991–2000.
  • Hatke, George. Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa. New York: New York University Press, 2013.
  • Phillipson, David W. Foundations of an African Civilisation: Aksum & the Northern Horn, 1000 BC–AD 1300. Woodbridge: James Currey, 2012.
  • Bausi, Alessandro. Studies of the Ezana inscriptional corpus and the dating of RIÉ 189, 190 and 271.
  • “The Foundations of Aksumite Civilization and Its Christian Legacy (1st–8th Century).” Metropolitan Museum of Art, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History.
  • “Monumental Architecture of the Aksumite Empire.” Metropolitan Museum of Art, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History.
  • British Museum. Coin of Ezana, Museum no. 1989,0518.43.
  • British Museum. Silk Roads exhibition guide, section “An early Christian state.”

♦ Diamonds Medieval

2♦ Yarmouk (7 sources)
  • Al-Balādhurī, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyā. Futūḥ al-Buldān [The Origins of the Islamic State]. Translated by Philip K. Hitti. New York: Columbia University, 1916. Yarmouk and the conquest of Syria.
  • Al-Ṭabarī, Muḥammad ibn Jarīr. The History of al-Ṭabarī, Vol. XI: The Challenge to the Empires. Translated by Khalid Yahya Blankinship. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993. Yarmouk narratives.
  • Al-Bukhārī, Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Book of Military Expeditions (Kitāb al-Maghāzī), no. 4262, account of the Battle of Muʾta and the description of Khalid ibn al-Walid as “a sword from the swords of Allah.”
  • Kaegi, Walter E. Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Especially the treatment of Jābiya-Yarmouk and the problems of reconstructing the battle.
  • Donner, Fred M. The Early Islamic Conquests. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.
  • Kennedy, Hugh. The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In. Philadelphia: Da Capo Press, 2007.
  • Avcı, Casim. “A Turning Point in the Islamic-Byzantine Struggle: The Battle of Yarmūk (15/636).” Marmara University Journal of Turkology 11, no. 1 (2024): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.16985/mtad.1449470.
3♦ Tours (10 sources)
  • Anonymous. Chronicle of 754 (Continuatio Hispana / Mozarabic Chronicle of 754), ch. 80 in modern numbering.
  • Wolf, Kenneth Baxter, trans. Conquerors and Chroniclers of Early Medieval Spain. 2nd ed. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1999.
  • Continuations of the Chronicle of Fredegar, Book IV.
  • Annales Sancti Amandi [Annals of St. Amand], entry traditionally assigned to 732.
  • Annales Petaviani, entry traditionally assigned to 732.
  • Chronicle of Moissac, entry traditionally assigned to 732.
  • Ottewill-Soulsby, Sam. “Battle of Tours (732?).” Oxford Bibliographies in Military History. Oxford University Press, 2024. DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199791279-0247.
  • Collins, Roger. The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–797. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989.
  • Fouracre, Paul. The Age of Charles Martel. Harlow: Longman, 2000.
  • Palmer, James T. “The Making of a World Historical Moment: The Battle of Tours (732/3) in the Nineteenth Century.” European Review of History 27 (2020).
4♦ Manzikert (8 sources)
  • Attaleiates, Michael. The History. Translated by Anthony Kaldellis and Dimitris Krallis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012. Especially pp. 271–299 for Romanos IV’s 1071 campaign and Manzikert.
  • Psellos, Michael. Chronographia. Book VII, sections concerning Romanos IV Diogenes and Manzikert.
  • Bryennios, Nikephoros. Material for History (Hylē Historias). Sections concerning Romanos IV’s eastern campaign and Manzikert.
  • Theotokis, Georgios. The Campaign and Battle of Manzikert, 1071. Leeds: Arc Humanities Press, 2024. Especially chapter 6, “The Battle of Manzikert,” pp. 133–164, and “Conclusions,” pp. 177–192. DOI: 10.1017/9781802701722.007 and 10.1017/9781802701722.009.
  • Vratimos, Antonios. “Joseph Tarchaneiotes and the Battle of Mantzikert (AD 1071).” Al-Masāq: Journal of the Medieval Mediterranean 32, no. 2 (2020): 156–168. DOI: 10.1080/09503110.2019.1704121.
  • Vratimos, Antonios. “Two Remarks on Michael Attaleiates’ Account of the Preliminaries to the Battle of Mantzikert.” Symbolae Osloenses 91, no. 1 (2017). DOI: 10.1080/00397679.2017.1323715.
  • Haldon, John. The Byzantine Wars: Battles and Campaigns of the Byzantine Era. Stroud: Tempus, 2001.
  • Krallis, Dimitris. Michael Attaleiates and the Politics of Imperial Decline in Eleventh-Century Byzantium. Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2012.
5♦ Tarain (9 sources)
  • Minhāj al-Dīn Jūzjānī. Ṭabaqāt-i Nāṣirī: A General History of the Muhammadan Dynasties of Asia, Including Hindustan. Trans. H. G. Raverty. 2 vols. London: Gilbert & Rivington, 1881–99. Relevant Tarain material: Vol. I, especially pp. 449–451.
  • Hasan Nizami. Tāj al-Maʾāthir, extracts translated in H. M. Elliot and John Dowson, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period, Vol. II. London: Trübner, 1869.
  • Jackson, Peter. The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  • Bosworth, C. E. “Ghurids.” Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. X, Fasc. 6, pp. 586–590.
  • Bosworth, C. E. “Ṭabaqāt-e Nāṣeri.” Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  • Digby, Simon. “Delhi Sultanate i. Political and Cultural History.” Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  • Wright, H. Nelson. The Coinage and Metrology of the Sultans of Delhi: Incorporating a Catalogue of the Coins in the Author's Cabinet Now in the Delhi Museum. Delhi: Manager of Publications, 1936.
  • British Museum. Coin IOC.652, Muʿizz al-Din Muhammad ibn Sam, Ghurid dynasty, Delhi, 1192–1206; gold; Lakshmi/Devanagari type.
  • British Museum. Coin IOC.657, Muʿizz al-Din Muhammad ibn Sam, Ghurid dynasty, Delhi, 1192–1206; gold; Lakshmi/Devanagari type.
6♦ Poyang (5 sources)
  • Andrade, Tonio. The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History. Princeton University Press, 2016, especially Chapter 4, “Ming Firearms in Battle.”
  • Elleman, Bruce A. The Making of the Modern Chinese Navy: Special Historical Characteristics. Anthem Press, 2019, Chapter 3, “Battle of Lake Poyang (1363),” pp. 17–20.
  • Ming Shi 明史 [History of Ming], juan 123, “Chen Youliang” 陳友諒.
  • Ming Shi 明史 [History of Ming], juan 133, biography of Yu Tonghai 俞通海.
  • Lorge, Peter Allan. War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795. Routledge, 2005. See discussion of “The Lake Poyang campaign, 1363.”
7♦ Kirina (5 sources)
  • D. T. Niane. Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali. Translated by G. D. Pickett. Longman, 1965.
  • John William Johnson. The Epic of Son-Jara: A West African Tradition. Indiana University Press, 1986.
  • David C. Conrad. “A Town Called Dakajalan: The Sunjata Tradition and the Question of Ancient Mali’s Capital.” The Journal of African History 35, no. 3 (1994): 355–377.
  • Nana Yaw B. Sapong. “Mali Empire.” The Encyclopedia of Empire. Wiley, 2016.
  • Corpus of Early Accounts of the Sunjata Epic, 1889–1959. Brill, including early collected traditions concerning Somangoro/Sundiata and Sumanguru from Kulikoro.
8♦ Gwiju (6 sources)
  • Goryeosa (高麗史) [History of Goryeo], accounts of Gang Gam-chan and the 1018–1019 Liao invasion, as presented through the National Institute of Korean History’s Korean History Database / Sources of Korean History.
  • National Institute of Korean History. “Battle of Gwiju” (귀주대첩). Our History Net / Korean History Chronology.
  • Academy of Korean Studies. “Battle of Guju [Gwiju]” (구주대첩). Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  • Kim, Man-ho. “Kang Gam-chan and the Great War at Guiju” (강감찬과 귀주대첩). Journal of Korean Medieval History, no. 31 (2011): 277–311.
  • Im, Ji-won. “Battle of Guiju and Scorched Earth Tactics of King Hyeonjong.” Journal of Korean Medieval History, vol. 70 (2022): 11–38.
  • National Institute of Korean History. “Gang Gam-chan’s Great Victory at Gwiju” (강감찬의 귀주 대첩). Korean History Through Historical Sources.
9♦ Bạch Đằng (8 sources)
  • Taylor, Keith W. The Birth of Vietnam. University of California Press, 1983.
  • Kiernan, Ben. Việt Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present. Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Ouyang Xiu. Xin Wudai Shi [New History of the Five Dynasties], Southern Han accounts.
  • Sima Guang. Zizhi Tongjian [Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance], vol. 281.
  • Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư [Complete Annals of Đại Việt], account of Ngô Quyền and the Battle of Bạch Đằng.
  • National Museum of History of Vietnam. “Kỷ niệm 1075 năm (11/938–11/2013) – Chiến thắng Bạch Đằng lần thứ nhất.”
  • Reilly, Jeffrey M. Operational Design: Distilling Clarity from Complexity for Decisive Action. Air University Press, 2012.
  • Elleman, Bruce A. The Making of the Modern Chinese Navy: Special Historical Characteristics. Anthem Press, 2019. See Chapter 1, “Battle of Bạch Đằng River (938),” pp. 7–10.
10♦ Xiangyang (7 sources)
  • Lorge, Peter A. War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795. Routledge, 2005.
  • Rossabi, Morris. Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times. University of California Press, 1988.
  • Yuan Shi [History of the Yuan], accounts of the Xiangyang-Fancheng campaign and Lü Wenhuan.
  • Song Shi Jishi Benmo [The Chronicles of Important Events in the History of the Song Dynasty], vol. 106, “The Mongols Capture Xiangyang.” Chinese Text Project.
  • Atwood, Christopher P. Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. Facts On File, 2004, entry on Xiangyang.
  • Buell, Paul D. “Bayan’s Campaigns Against the Southern Song Chinese.” Canadian Journal of the Mongolian Studies.
  • Kaziev, Shapi M. “Alans in the Southern Song Campaign of Kaan and Emperor Khublai 1267–1273.” Golden Horde Review.
J♦ Grunwald (8 sources)
  • Jučas, Mečislovas. The Battle of Grünwald. National Museum, Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania and Lithuanian Art Museum, 2009.
  • Urban, William L. Tannenberg and After: Lithuania, Poland, and the Teutonic Order in Search of Immortality. Revised ed., Lithuanian Research and Studies Center, 1999.
  • Ekdahl, Sven. Die Schlacht bei Tannenberg 1410: Quellenkritische Untersuchungen. Duncker & Humblot, 1982.
  • Cronica conflictus Wladislai regis Poloniae cum Cruciferis anno Christi 1410.
  • Długosz, Jan. Annales seu cronicae incliti Regni Poloniae [Annals or Chronicles of the Famous Kingdom of Poland], Book XI, account of the Great War and Battle of Grunwald.
  • Turnbull, Stephen. Tannenberg 1410: Disaster for the Teutonic Knights. Osprey Publishing, 2003.
  • Deutsche Biographie. “Heinrich von Plauen.”
  • National Museum of the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania. The Battle of Grünwald publication materials.
Q♦ Agincourt (8 sources)
  • Anne Curry, Agincourt: A New History. Tempus, 2005; later revised editions.
  • Anne Curry, The Battle of Agincourt: Sources and Interpretations. Boydell Press, 2000.
  • Juliet Barker, Agincourt: Henry V and the Battle That Made England. Little, Brown, 2005.
  • Gesta Henrici Quinti (The Deeds of Henry V), contemporary English account of Henry V’s 1415 campaign.
  • Jean Le Fèvre de Saint-Remy, Chronique, fifteenth-century eyewitness account.
  • Enguerrand de Monstrelet, Chronique, account of the Agincourt campaign and battle.
  • Royal Armouries, “The Hundred Years’ War 1337–1453.”
  • Anne Curry and Rémy Ambühl, “Faire la liste des morts au combat: l’exemple d’Azincourt (1415),” Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l’Ouest 130.2 (2023), 171–195.
K♦ Constantinople (7 sources)
  • Marios Philippides and Walter K. Hanak, The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453: Historiography, Topography, and Military Studies. Ashgate, 2011.
  • Anthony Kaldellis, 1453: The Conquest and Tragedy of Constantinople. Oxford University Press, 2026.
  • Jonathan Harris, The End of Byzantium. Yale University Press, 2010.
  • Doukas, Decline and Fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks, trans. Harry J. Magoulias. Wayne State University Press, 1975.
  • Kritovoulos of Imbros, History of Mehmed the Conqueror, trans. Charles T. Rigg. Princeton University Press, 1954.
  • Niccolò Barbaro, Diary of the Siege of Constantinople 1453, trans. J. R. Jones. Exposition Press, 1969.
  • Steven Runciman, The Fall of Constantinople 1453. Cambridge University Press, 1965.
A♦ Hastings (10 sources)
  • William of Poitiers. The Gesta Guillelmi of William of Poitiers. Edited and translated by R. H. C. Davis and Marjorie Chibnall. Oxford Medieval Texts. Clarendon Press, 1998.
  • Stephen Morillo, ed. The Battle of Hastings: Sources and Interpretations. Boydell Press, 1996.
  • M. K. Lawson. The Battle of Hastings, 1066. Tempus, 2002.
  • David M. Wilson. The Bayeux Tapestry. Thames & Hudson, 2004.
  • James Titterton. Deception in Medieval Warfare: Trickery and Cunning in the Central Middle Ages. Boydell Press, 2022, especially “The Feigned Flight.”
  • Bernard S. Bachrach. “The Feigned Retreat at Hastings.” In Stephen Morillo, ed., The Battle of Hastings: Sources and Interpretations. Boydell Press, 1996, pp. 190–193.
  • English Heritage. “What Happened at the Battle of Hastings.”
  • English Heritage. “History of Battle Abbey and Battlefield.”
  • Bayeux Museum. “The Battle of Hastings.”
  • Bayeux Museum. “The Bayeux Tapestry is an Embroidery.”

♥ Hearts Early Modern

2♥ Cajamarca (9 sources)
  • Francisco de Xerez. Verdadera relación de la conquista del Perú (1534). English translation in Clements R. Markham, ed. and trans., Reports on the Discovery of Peru. Hakluyt Society.
  • Pedro Pizarro. Relación del descubrimiento y conquista de los reinos del Perú (1571).
  • Titu Cusi Yupanqui. Instrucción al licenciado Lope García de Castro (1570).
  • Patricia Seed. “‘Failing to Marvel’: Atahualpa’s Encounter with the Word.” Latin American Research Review 26, no. 1 (1991): 7–32.
  • James Lockhart. The Men of Cajamarca: A Social and Biographical Study of the First Conquerors of Peru. University of Texas Press, 1972.
  • John Hemming. The Conquest of the Incas. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970.
  • Terence N. D’Altroy. The Incas. 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2015.
  • Jeremy M. Mikecz. “Beyond Cajamarca: A Spatial Narrative Reimagining of the Encounter in Peru, 1532–1533.” Hispanic American Historical Review 100, no. 2 (2020): 195–232.
  • Library of Congress. “Cajamarca, Battle of, Cajamarca, Peru, 1532.”
3♥ Nagashino (6 sources)
  • Ōta Gyūichi, The Chronicle of Lord Nobunaga, translated and edited by J. S. A. Elisonas and Jeroen P. Lamers, Brill, 2011.
  • Jeroen P. Lamers. Japonius Tyrannus: The Japanese Warlord Oda Nobunaga Reconsidered. Hotei Publishing, 2000.
  • Thomas Conlan. Weapons & Fighting Techniques of the Samurai Warrior, 1200–1877 AD. Amber Books, 2008.
  • Stephen Turnbull. Nagashino 1575: Slaughter at the Barricades. Praeger/Osprey, 2005.
  • Oze Hoan. Shinchōki, early seventeenth century.
  • Japan Tourism Agency. “History-Making Gun Battles: The Battle of Nagashino.” 2022.
4♥ Vienna (6 sources)
  • John III Sobieski. Letter to Pope Innocent XI, 13 September 1683. Vatican Archives; described and transcribed by the Museum of King Jan III's Palace at Wilanów.
  • John III Sobieski. Letter to Maria Kazimiera, 13 September 1683. Museum of King Jan III's Palace at Wilanów.
  • Morton, J. B. “Sobieski and the Relief of Vienna.” Blackfriars 25, no. 292 (1944): 243–248. Cambridge University Press.
  • Museum of King Jan III's Palace at Wilanów. “Letter of Jan III to Pope Innocent XI.”
  • Museum of King Jan III's Palace at Wilanów. “‘Banner of the Grand Vizier’ and the Roman Celebrations of John III Sobieski and the Vienna Victory.”
  • Museum of King Jan III's Palace at Wilanów. “Events Connected with Jan III in Polish and Foreign Press Accounts – Vienna (12 IX 1683).”
5♥ Breitenfeld (11 sources)
  • Gardiner, Samuel Rawson. The Thirty Years' War, 1618–1648. London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1874.
  • Ward, A. W., G. W. Prothero, and Stanley Leathes, eds. The Cambridge Modern History, Vol. IV: The Thirty Years' War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1906. Chapter VI, “Gustavus Adolphus, 1630–1632.”
  • Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed. “Breitenfeld.” Cambridge University Press, 1911.
  • Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed. “Thirty Years' War.” Cambridge University Press, 1911.
  • Anonymous. Gründlicher und ausführlicher Bericht, Wie die Königl. Schwedische, und Churfürstl. Sächsische Armee, mit der Ligistischen oder Tyllischen Armee ... bey dem Gut Breitenfeld ... getroffen. Dresden, 1631.
  • Anonymous. Relation Von der Schlacht, so ein Meil weges bey Leipzig den 7. Septembris ist gehalten worden. 1631.
  • Monro, Robert. Monro, His Expedition with the Worthy Scots Regiment Called Mac-Keys. London, 1637.
  • Brzezinski, Richard. The Army of Gustavus Adolphus (1): Infantry. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 1991.
  • Brzezinski, Richard. The Army of Gustavus Adolphus (2): Cavalry. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 1993.
  • Wilson, Peter H. Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War. London: Allen Lane, 2009.
  • Library of Congress. “Waarhafftige Abbildung und Beschreibung dess grossen unnd gewaltigen Treffens…”
6♥ Myeongnyang (9 sources)
  • Yi Sun-sin. Nanjung Ilgi (War Diary), 1592–1598.
  • Yi Sun-sin. Imjin Jangcho (Wartime Memorials/Reports).
  • Academy of Korean Studies. “Myeongnyang Daecheop” (Battle of Myeongnyang). Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  • Academy of Korean Studies. “Yi Sun-sin.” Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  • Academy of Korean Studies. “Imjin Waeran” (Japanese Invasions of Korea). Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  • Academy of Korean Studies. “Myeongnyang.” Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  • Republic of Korea. Facts About Korea. Korea.net.
  • Turnbull, Stephen. Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98. London: Cassell, 2002.
  • Hawley, Samuel. The Imjin War: Japan's Sixteenth-Century Invasion of Korea and Attempt to Conquer China. Seoul: Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch, 2005.
7♥ Panipat (5 sources)
  • Kashiraja. Account of the Third Battle of Panipat, composed 1780.
  • Sarkar, Jadunath. “Panipat, 1761.” Journal of the United Provinces Historical Society, Vol. 10, No. 2, June 1934, pp. 258–273.
  • Shejwalkar, Tryambak Shankar. Panipat: 1761. Poona: Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute, 1946. Deccan College Monograph Series, No. 1.
  • District Administration, Panipat, Government of Haryana. “Third Battle of Panipat (1761).”
  • District Administration, Panipat, Government of Haryana. “History.”
8♥ Rạch Gầm–Xoài Mút (10 sources)
  • National Defence Journal. “On the Operational Art of the Battle of Rach Gam–Xoai Mut in 1785.” 7 February 2020.
  • National Defence Journal. “Rach Gam–Xoai Mut Victory – A Distinctive Example of Military Strategy in Riverine Terrain.” 27 January 2025.
  • Tạp chí Quốc phòng toàn dân [National Defence Journal]. “Nét đặc sắc của nghệ thuật tác chiến trong trận Rạch Gầm–Xoài Mút năm 1785.” 7 February 2020. In Vietnamese.
  • Tạp chí Quốc phòng toàn dân [National Defence Journal]. “Nghệ thuật kết hợp tác chiến thủy, bộ trong trận Rạch Gầm–Xoài Mút (năm 1785).” 20 January 2015. In Vietnamese.
  • Tạp chí Quốc phòng toàn dân [National Defence Journal]. “Chiến thắng Rạch Gầm–Xoài Mút – nét đặc sắc của nghệ thuật tác chiến trên địa bàn sông nước.” 2025. In Vietnamese.
  • Vietnam National Museum of History. “Di tích lịch sử Rạch Gầm–Xoài Mút.” 17 April 2017.
  • Vietnam National Museum of History. “10 trận thủy chiến kinh điển trong sử Việt (2).” 24 May 2013.
  • Vietnam National Museum of History. “Diện mạo oai hùng của Hoàng đế Quang Trung.” 2011.
  • Vietnam National Museum of History. “Thăng Long–Hà Nội thời Nguyễn.” 16 June 2010.
  • Vietnam National Museum of History. “Những Kim Bảo đời vua Gia Long (1802–1819).” 15 January 2020.
9♥ Cowpens (9 sources)
  • National Park Service, Cowpens National Battlefield. “The Battle of Cowpens.”
  • National Park Service, Cowpens National Battlefield. “Daniel Morgan.”
  • National Park Service, Cowpens National Battlefield. “John Eager Howard.”
  • National Park Service, Cowpens National Battlefield. “Cowpens Heroes: Howard, Pickens & Washington: A Study in Contrast.”
  • National Park Service, Cowpens National Battlefield. “Unit 7 — The Battle — The Human Element.”
  • National Park Service. “Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton.”
  • National Park Service, Cowpens National Battlefield. “Forty-eight Hours Following the Battle of Cowpens.”
  • Babits, Lawrence E. A Devil of a Whipping: The Battle of Cowpens. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.
  • Morgan, Daniel. Letter to Major General Nathanael Greene, 19 January 1781. In Theodorus Bailey Myers, ed., Cowpens Papers: Being Correspondence of General Morgan and the Prominent Actors. Charleston, SC: The News and Courier Book Presses, 1881, p. 21.
10♥ Waterloo (7 sources)
  • Wellesley, Arthur, Duke of Wellington. Dispatch to Earl Bathurst, Waterloo, 19 June 1815. In The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington.
  • Wellesley, Arthur, Duke of Wellington. Dispatch to General Kleist, Brussels, 5 April 1815. Reproduced in Edward Cotton, A Voice from Waterloo.
  • Hussey, John. Waterloo: The Campaign of 1815, Volume II: From Waterloo to the Restoration of Peace in Europe. Greenhill Books, 2017. Chapter 35, “Wellington and the Battleground: Overnight, 17/18 June.”
  • Houssaye, Henry. 1815: Waterloo. Translated by Arthur Emile Mann and A. Euan-Smith. London: A. & C. Black, 1900.
  • National Army Museum. “Plan of the Battles of Ligny, Quatre Bras & Waterloo fought on the 16 and 18 June 1815.” Collection commentary.
  • Science Museum Group Collection. “Upper ivory denture with human teeth, England, 1801–1860.” Object no. A56723.
  • Science Museum Group Collection. “Lower denture with human teeth, England, 1800–1870.” Object no. A56724.
J♥ Rorke’s Drift (7 sources)
  • Chard, John Rouse Merriott. “Official Report of the Defence of Rorke's Drift.” Rorke's Drift, 25 January 1879. Reproduced by the South African Military History Society from Ref. H 5/3/2.
  • National Army Museum. “Defence of Rorke's Drift.”
  • National Army Museum. “Rorke's Drift, 1879.” Online Collection, NAM.1972-03-1-8.
  • National Army Museum. “Rorke's Drift with Isandlwana in the distance, 1879 (c).” Online Collection, NAM.1964-09-104-13.
  • Webley, Lita. “The Battlefield of Rorke's Drift.” Southern African Field Archaeology, 1993.
  • South African Military History Society. “The Anglo-Zulu War of 1879: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift.” Military History Journal.
  • National Army Museum. “The Defence of Rorke's Drift, 22 January 1879.” Online Collection, NAM.1968-11-15-1.
Q♥ Gettysburg (12 sources)
  • Lee, Robert E. “Official Report of General Robert E. Lee.” Gettysburg National Military Park, National Park Service.
  • Longstreet, James. “Official Report of Lieut. General James Longstreet.” Gettysburg National Military Park, National Park Service.
  • National Park Service. “Gettysburg Overview.” Gettysburg National Military Park.
  • National Park Service. “Gettysburg.” Lincoln Home National Historic Site.
  • National Park Service. “Choices and Commitments: The Soldiers at Gettysburg.”
  • National Park Service. “Charge for Victory or Defeat at Gettysburg.” Gettysburg National Military Park.
  • Alexander, Edward Porter. “E. P. Alexander at Gettysburg.” Letter dated 17 March 1877, reproduced by the American Battlefield Trust.
  • National Park Service. “Battle Detail — Gettysburg.” Civil War battle database.
  • National Park Service. Gettysburg National Military Park Press Kit — “The Gettysburg Battlefield.”
  • National Park Service, National Register documentation for Gettysburg.
  • National Park Service. “Meade and Lee at Gettysburg.”
  • National Park Service. “General George Meade Equestrian Statue.” Gettysburg National Military Park.
K♥ Ayacucho (7 sources)
  • Sucre, Antonio José de. “Parte de la batalla de Ayacucho,” December 1824. Reproduced in Peruvian Bicentennial historical collections and in later documentary editions of Sucre’s correspondence.
  • Peruvian Bicentennial historical collection. Study/order of battle for Junín and Ayacucho.
  • Instituto Nacional Sanmartiniano. “Bicentenario de la Batalla de Ayacucho.”
  • López, Manuel Antonio. Recuerdos históricos del coronel Manuel Antonio López: ayudante del Estado Mayor General Libertador. Colombia y Perú, 1819–1826. Bogotá: J. B. Gaitán, 1878.
  • Pereyra Plasencia, Hugo. La campaña libertadora de Junín y Ayacucho. Historical study of the campaign.
  • Banco de la República de Colombia, Banrepcultural. “Antonio José de Sucre.”
  • Capitulación de Ayacucho, 9 December 1824.
A♥ Naseby (8 sources)
  • Sprigge, Joshua. Anglia Rediviva; England's Recovery: Being the History of the Motions, Actions, and Successes of the Army under the Immediate Conduct of Sir Thomas Fairfax. London: John Partridge, 1647.
  • National Army Museum. “Battle of Naseby.”
  • National Army Museum. “‘Description of the Armies of Horse and Foot of His Majesties, and Sir Thomas Fairefax … at Nasbye,’ 14 June 1645.” NAM.1977-04-44-1.
  • Historic England / English Heritage. Battlefield Report: Naseby 1645.
  • Gentles, Ian. The New Model Army: Agent of Revolution. Yale University Press, 2022. Chapter 3, “The Year of Victories, 1645–46.”
  • Charles I; Parker, Henry; Sadler, John; and May, Thomas. The King's Cabinet Opened. London: Robert Bostock, 1645.
  • National Army Museum. “Lord Fairfax, 1650 (c).” NAM.1998-10-228-1.
  • National Army Museum. “Thomas Fairfax: A Man of Honour.”

♠ Spades Modern

2♠ Tannenberg (6 sources)
  • Gray, David R. “Ghosts of Tannenberg: German I Corps in East Prussia, August 1914.” In Richard D. Hooker Jr., ed., Wrath of Achilles: Essays on Command in Battle, 19–42. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2006.
  • U.S. Army, Military Review — “Counterpunching to Win: A Mindset and Method to Defeat First Battle Fears,” November–December 2023.
  • Paul von Hindenburg, Out of My Life (Aus meinem Leben), 1920.
  • John Keegan, The First World War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.
  • John Sweetman, Tannenberg 1914. London: Cassell, 2002.
  • Showalter, Dennis E. Tannenberg: Clash of Empires, 1914. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1991.
3♠ First Marne (6 sources)
  • John Keegan, The First World War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.
  • Joseph Joffre, The Memoirs of Marshal Joffre, Vol. I. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1932.
  • Joseph Gallieni, Mémoires: Défense de Paris, 25 août–11 septembre 1914. Paris: Payot, 1920.
  • Barbara W. Tuchman, The Guns of August. New York: Macmillan, 1962.
  • Ian Sumner, The First Battle of the Marne 1914: The French “Miracle” Halts the Germans. Osprey, 2010.
  • John H. Morrow Jr., The Great War: An Imperial History. Routledge, 2004.
4♠ Gallipoli (10 sources)
  • Manatū Taonga — New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. “Invasion.” NZ History: The Gallipoli Campaign. https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/the-gallipoli-campaign/landing-plans.
  • Manatū Taonga — New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. “The Gallipoli Campaign — Introduction.” NZ History. https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/the-gallipoli-campaign/introduction.
  • Manatū Taonga — New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. “Soldiers’ Experience.” NZ History: The Gallipoli Campaign. https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/the-gallipoli-campaign/conditions.
  • Manatū Taonga — New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. “Evacuation.” NZ History: The Gallipoli Campaign. https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/the-gallipoli-campaign/the-end-of-the-campaign.
  • Australian War Memorial. “Gallipoli 1915.” https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/first-world-war/gallipoli-1915.
  • Australian War Memorial. “Dawn of the Legend: Mustafa Kemal.” https://www.awm.gov.au/visit/exhibitions/dawn/turkish/kemal.
  • Australian War Memorial. “Drip (or ‘pop off’) rifle.” https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/gallipoli/drip_rifle.
  • Australian War Memorial. “1914–15 Star: Private W. C. Scurry, 7 Battalion, AIF.” https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C387044.
  • Australian War Memorial. “A delayed action device, commonly called a drip rifle, invented by Lance Corporal William Charles Scurry.” https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C57923.
  • Uyar, Mesut. “Gallipoli, Campaign and Battle of.” 1914-1918-Online: International Encyclopedia of the First World War. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/gallipoli-campaign-and-battle-of/.
5♠ Little Bighorn (10 sources)
  • National Park Service. “Story of the Battle.” Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument. https://www.nps.gov/libi/learn/historyculture/battle-story.htm.
  • National Park Service. “Lieutenant Colonel Custer’s Battalion.” Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument. https://www.nps.gov/libi/learn/historyculture/lt-col-custer-s-battalion.htm.
  • National Park Service. “Custer’s Last Message.” Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument. https://www.nps.gov/libi/learn/historyculture/custer-s-last-message.htm.
  • National Park Service. “President Ulysses S. Grant and Federal Indian Policy.” https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/president-ulysses-s-grant-and-federal-indian-policy.htm.
  • National Park Service. “Fort Laramie in 1876.” Fort Laramie National Historic Site. https://www.nps.gov/fola/learn/historyculture/fort-laramie-in-1876.htm.
  • National Park Service. “1868 Treaty Field Area.” Fort Laramie National Historic Site. https://www.nps.gov/places/1868-treaty-field-area.htm.
  • National Park Service. “Indian Scouts.” Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument. https://www.nps.gov/libi/learn/historyculture/indian-scouts.htm.
  • National Park Service. “Arapaho.” Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument. https://www.nps.gov/libi/learn/historyculture/arapaho.htm.
  • National Park Service. “Last Stand Hill.” Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument. https://www.nps.gov/places/last-stand-hill.htm.
  • National Park Service. “Sitting Bull.” Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument. https://www.nps.gov/libi/learn/historyculture/sitting-bull.htm.
6♠ Tsushima (6 sources)
  • Butler, Shannon R. “Voyage to Tsushima.” U.S. Naval Institute, Naval History Magazine, May 2012.
  • “The Mikasa: New Dawn in the Pacific.” U.S. Naval Institute, Naval History Magazine, October 2022.
  • “Drifting Toward Tsushima.” U.S. Naval Institute, Naval History Magazine, February 2022.
  • Naval Historical Society of Australia. “The Battle of Tsushima, 1905.”
  • Portsmouth Peace Treaty Forum. “War, Part Five: The Russian Baltic Fleet.”
  • Naval Postgraduate School. Study addressing Tsushima and Japanese maritime strategy.
7♠ Inchon (7 sources)
  • Appleman, Roy E. South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu. United States Army in the Korean War. U.S. Army Center of Military History.
  • U.S. Army Center of Military History. The Korean War: The UN Offensive.
  • U.S. Army Center of Military History. The Korean War: The Chinese Intervention.
  • U.S. Army Center of Military History. “Korean War” campaign summary.
  • Naval History and Heritage Command. “H-054-1: Inchon Landing and Naval Action in the Korean War, September–October 1950.”
  • Naval History and Heritage Command. History of United States Naval Operations: Korea, Chapter 7, “Back to the Parallel.”
  • U.S. Marine Corps. The Sea Services in the Korean War, 1950–1953.
8♠ Điện Biên Phủ (8 sources)
  • Điện Biên Phủ Victory Museum. “General Võ Nguyên Giáp and the Điện Biên Phủ Campaign.”
  • Điện Biên Provincial Government. “Changing the Way of Fighting—A Miraculous Decision.”
  • Ivan Cadeau. Điện Biên Phủ, 13/3–07/5/1954.
  • French Ministry of the Armed Forces, Ivan Cadeau. “Indochine 1954.”
  • U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian. “The Geneva Conference, 1954.”
  • U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954, Vol. XVI, Geneva Conference.
  • Service historique de la Défense. “Fonds Geneviève de Heaulme, née de Galard.”
  • Dwight D. Eisenhower. “Citation Accompanying the Medal of Freedom Presented to Genevieve de Galard-Terraube,” 1954.
9♠ Huaihai (5 sources)
  • Bjorge, Gary J. Moving the Enemy: Operational Art in the Chinese PLA’s Huai Hai Campaign. Leavenworth Paper No. 22. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2003.
  • Stuart R. Schram, ed., Mao's Road to Power: Revolutionary Writings 1912–1949, Vol. X.
  • Stuart R. Schram, ed., Mao's Road to Power: Revolutionary Writings 1912–1949, Vol. IX.
  • Xiaobing Li, ed., China at War: An Encyclopedia.
  • Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800–1949), entry on the Huai-Hai Campaign.
10♠ Longewala (6 sources)
  • Bajwa, Major General Kuldip Singh (Retd.). “Battle of Longewala.” United Service Institution of India Journal, Vol. CXXXVIII, No. 574, October–December 2008.
  • Khan, Brigadier Z. A. The Way It Was: Inside the Pakistan Army / Indo-Pak Wars 1965 & ’71. Natraj Publishers, 2007.
  • Indian Air Force historical account of the Battle of Longewala / 1971 air operations.
  • Joshi, Manoj. “Fact and Fiction.” India Today, 28 July 1997.
  • The Tribune. “2 Longewala heroes take on ‘Border’ for killing them on screen.” 11 February 2026.
  • The Indian Express. “A modest man who wore laurels easy, far cry from Border portrayal.” 18 November 2018.
J♠ Jutland (9 sources)
  • Imperial War Museums. Battle of Jutland centenary press release, 2016.
  • U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command. “Battle of Jutland War Game.”
  • National Army Museum. “Battle of Jutland.”
  • Royal Navy. “The Royal and German Navy Remember the Battle of Jutland,” 2 June 2016.
  • U.S. Naval Institute, Naval History, June 2016, Jutland battle graphic and analysis.
  • Royal Museums Greenwich. “Remembering Jutland.”
  • Jellicoe, Admiral Sir John. Official Despatch on the Battle of Jutland, 24 June 1916. London Gazette, 6 July 1916.
  • Winston S. Churchill. The World Crisis, 1916–1918, Part I, Chapter V, “Jutland: The Preliminaries.” London, 1927.
  • GCHQ. “Signals Intelligence and the Battle of Jutland,” 27 May 2016.
Q♠ Anzio (8 sources)
  • Center of Military History, U.S. Army. Command Decisions, ed. Kent Roberts Greenfield. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1960. Chapter “General Lucas at Anzio.”
  • Center of Military History, U.S. Army. Army History, No. 85, Fall 2012.
  • Center of Military History, U.S. Army. Anzio Beachhead, 22 January–25 May 1944. American Forces in Action Series. Washington, D.C.: Historical Division, War Department.
  • Center of Military History, U.S. Army. “World War II — European-African-Middle Eastern Theater.” U.S. Army Campaigns reference series.
  • Center of Military History, U.S. Army. The Army Nurse Corps: A Commemoration of World War II Service.
  • U.S. Army Medical Department Center of History and Heritage. “The Army Nurse Corps in World War II.”
  • U.S. Army Medical Department Center of History and Heritage. “AMEDD Silver Star — World War II: A through AM.” Entry for Second Lieutenant Ellen G. Ainsworth.
  • Center of Military History, U.S. Army. “100th Infantry Battalion in World War II.”
K♠ Leyte Gulf (8 sources)
  • Naval History and Heritage Command. “H-038-2: Leyte Gulf in Detail.” Director’s Corner: H-Grams.
  • Naval History and Heritage Command. U.S. Navy Operations in World War II: Battle of Leyte Gulf.
  • Naval History and Heritage Command. “‘Calmness, Courage, and Efficiency’: Remembering the Battle of Leyte Gulf.”
  • Naval History and Heritage Command. “Samuel B. Roberts I (DE-413).” Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (DANFS).
  • Naval History and Heritage Command. “H-087-1: Lt. (j.g.) Zellars and Cmdr. Kintberger.” Director’s Corner: H-Grams.
  • Naval History and Heritage Command. “H-038-1: Leyte Gulf Synopsis.” Director’s Corner: H-Grams.
  • Naval History and Heritage Command. “The Battle of Leyte Gulf.”
  • U.S. Navy. U.S. Navy at War: Second Official Report to the Secretary of the Navy.
A♠ Cuito Cuanavale (10 sources)
  • Gleijeses, Piero. Visions of Freedom: Havana, Washington, Pretoria, and the Struggle for Southern Africa, 1976–1991. University of North Carolina Press, 2013.
  • Wilson Center Digital Archive. “Visions of Freedom: New Documents from the Closed Cuban Archives.”
  • Scholtz, Leopold. “The South African Strategic and Operational Objectives in Angola, 1987–88.” Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies.
  • U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. Study of the 1987–88 operations in southeastern Angola.
  • South African Journal of Military Studies / Scientia Militaria. “South African Responses to New Soviet Air Defence Systems in Angola in the 1980s.”
  • Potgieter, Thean. “Operation Packer, March–April 1988, South Eastern Angola: Tumpo, Tumpo and once more Tumpo!!!”
  • U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1981–1988, Southern Africa documents.
  • United Nations. United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG), history of the Namibia operation.
  • United Nations in Namibia. “The UN's Role in Namibian Independence.”
  • South African Government. Recognition of the Independence of Namibia Act 34 of 1990.